Unemployment Satire

Unemployment rates are skyrocketing. According to the Internet, 12% of the U. S. population is unemployed. Unemployment not only effects the lives of the unemployed, but their families and communities too. The stress of unemployment can lead to declines in individual and family well-being and could potentially effect the outcomes of their children. Widespread unemployment in neighborhoods reduces resources, which may result in inadequate and low-quality housing, and underfunded schools. The question Americans everywhere are wondering: Whose to blame for all this long term employment?The people or the government? The fault is not that of the government, it is that of the people. The blame for long term employment should fall on the shoulders of those suffering from Lazy Syndrome. However, people suffering from Lazy Syndrome cannot help their chronic laziness and unwillingness to get a job. Many are unaware they even suffer from this disease until it is too late. The major symptoms of this disease are: not wanting to leave the couch, feeling inclined to put off work, and wishing to stay home and do nothing.Because of these symptoms, acquiring a job seems like too much effort and is often put off. Many high-paying jobs will refuse to hire them if they suffer from this disease. One study shows that people suffering from Lazy Syndrome have a whopping 50% chance of being unemployed. Even if they can acquire a job, studies show that men and women with this disease earn 15-20% less than those who are not infected. Seymour Butts, a professor of justice at the University of Colorado, is starting a law firm called LazyCase to protest against lazy discrimination.The Discrimination Act of 1966 provides legal protections for gender equality, race equality, pregnant women equality, and so much more! With a short extension of this act, people suffering from chronic laziness could make a living despite their disease limitations. Mr. Butts and his extremely intelligent colleague Wee Tard have already made legal protections in counties in Alaska, Alabama, and Arkansas. One customer, Ben Dover, happily stated â€Å"Going to LazyCase was the best decision of my life.LazyCase helped me get a high paying government job where I can continue to do nothing but still get payed! †. I will now humbly propose my own thoughts on the solution to unemployment as well as the solution to the discrimination against those suffering from Lazy Syndrome. I suggest that every unemployed person gets evaluated at the local doctor’s office in order to determine whether or not they are suffering from Lazy Syndrome. If that is the case (which it most likely will be), I suggest you confide in LazyCase.For first, stopping discrimination against the lazy not only benefits the lives of those suffering from chronic laziness, but it benefits the entire system of America. LazyCase provides the most radical and effective solution to unemployment. Because a significant amount of people with the lazy disability are unemployed, if given more rights and protections for getting jobs, unemployment rates would drop 70% according to prediction expert Harry Azzol. Secondly, LazyCase would improve the lives of the unemployed.Individuals who do not face unemployment report better mental health and more life satisfaction than those who experience unemployment and are under a lot of financial stress. Therefore, the world would be filled with much happier people, making it a much better place. Thirdly, LazyCase is extremely affordable (which is necessary because the unemployed are not loaded with cash). For the all time low price of five payments of 99. 89 dollars, Seymour Butts and his employees will personally take a stand at court and get their customer the money (and job) they deserve.The question everyone is wondering: How? Well, Seymour Butts and Wee Tard have come up with an evolutionary scheme to win at court. New tactics such as being extremely beautiful or us ing large words to validate your story have produced great results. These tactics are guaranteed to work EVERY TIME, 60 percent of the time! Lastly, LazyCase would solve the problems the unemployed cause for communities. Inadequate and low-quality housing and underfunded schools would no longer be an issue because the unemployed would now have a job to finance these funds.Studies show that unemployed persons also report less neighborhood belonging than their employed counterparts, which would reduce neighborhood safety and community well-being. With the lazy being provided with jobs, they will likely be too distracted to disrupt the community. LazyCase is a nonprofit organization with the sole purpose of helping the people. None of the employees at LazyCase suffer from Lazy Syndrome so these protections aren’t benefitting the company, they are benefitting your fellow Americans. Unemployment Satire Unemployment rates are skyrocketing. According to the Internet, 12% of the U. S. population is unemployed. Unemployment not only effects the lives of the unemployed, but their families and communities too. The stress of unemployment can lead to declines in individual and family well-being and could potentially effect the outcomes of their children. Widespread unemployment in neighborhoods reduces resources, which may result in inadequate and low-quality housing, and underfunded schools. The question Americans everywhere are wondering: Whose to blame for all this long term employment?The people or the government? The fault is not that of the government, it is that of the people. The blame for long term employment should fall on the shoulders of those suffering from Lazy Syndrome. However, people suffering from Lazy Syndrome cannot help their chronic laziness and unwillingness to get a job. Many are unaware they even suffer from this disease until it is too late. The major symptoms of this disease are: not wanting to leave the couch, feeling inclined to put off work, and wishing to stay home and do nothing.Because of these symptoms, acquiring a job seems like too much effort and is often put off. Many high-paying jobs will refuse to hire them if they suffer from this disease. One study shows that people suffering from Lazy Syndrome have a whopping 50% chance of being unemployed. Even if they can acquire a job, studies show that men and women with this disease earn 15-20% less than those who are not infected. Seymour Butts, a professor of justice at the University of Colorado, is starting a law firm called LazyCase to protest against lazy discrimination.The Discrimination Act of 1966 provides legal protections for gender equality, race equality, pregnant women equality, and so much more! With a short extension of this act, people suffering from chronic laziness could make a living despite their disease limitations. Mr. Butts and his extremely intelligent colleague Wee Tard have already made legal protections in counties in Alaska, Alabama, and Arkansas. One customer, Ben Dover, happily stated â€Å"Going to LazyCase was the best decision of my life.LazyCase helped me get a high paying government job where I can continue to do nothing but still get payed! †. I will now humbly propose my own thoughts on the solution to unemployment as well as the solution to the discrimination against those suffering from Lazy Syndrome. I suggest that every unemployed person gets evaluated at the local doctor’s office in order to determine whether or not they are suffering from Lazy Syndrome. If that is the case (which it most likely will be), I suggest you confide in LazyCase.For first, stopping discrimination against the lazy not only benefits the lives of those suffering from chronic laziness, but it benefits the entire system of America. LazyCase provides the most radical and effective solution to unemployment. Because a significant amount of people with the lazy disability are unemployed, if given more rights and protections for getting jobs, unemployment rates would drop 70% according to prediction expert Harry Azzol. Secondly, LazyCase would improve the lives of the unemployed.Individuals who do not face unemployment report better mental health and more life satisfaction than those who experience unemployment and are under a lot of financial stress. Therefore, the world would be filled with much happier people, making it a much better place. Thirdly, LazyCase is extremely affordable (which is necessary because the unemployed are not loaded with cash). For the all time low price of five payments of 99. 89 dollars, Seymour Butts and his employees will personally take a stand at court and get their customer the money (and job) they deserve.The question everyone is wondering: How? Well, Seymour Butts and Wee Tard have come up with an evolutionary scheme to win at court. New tactics such as being extremely beautiful or us ing large words to validate your story have produced great results. These tactics are guaranteed to work EVERY TIME, 60 percent of the time! Lastly, LazyCase would solve the problems the unemployed cause for communities. Inadequate and low-quality housing and underfunded schools would no longer be an issue because the unemployed would now have a job to finance these funds.Studies show that unemployed persons also report less neighborhood belonging than their employed counterparts, which would reduce neighborhood safety and community well-being. With the lazy being provided with jobs, they will likely be too distracted to disrupt the community. LazyCase is a nonprofit organization with the sole purpose of helping the people. None of the employees at LazyCase suffer from Lazy Syndrome so these protections aren’t benefitting the company, they are benefitting your fellow Americans.

Cause and Effects of Cigarettes

Cause and Effect of cigarettes The question is why people smoke cigarettes knowing the dangers that have been proven over the years. Cigarettes are one of the most popular addictions in the world. They may be the most popular addiction drug in the world but it is also the most deadly in it also. Cigarettes are filled with a high quantity of nicotine which is the addicting part of it. For many people, smoking is a reliable lifestyle tool to cope with reality. Although every person's specific reasons to smoke are unique, they all share a common theme.Smoking is used as a way to suppress uncomfortable feelings, and smoking is used to relive stress, calm nerves, and relax. No wonder when you are deprived of smoking, your mind and body are unsettled for a little while. Here are a few examples of ways people use smoking for relief. oCoping with anger, stress, anxiety, tiredness, or sadness oSmoking is pleasant and relaxing oSmoking is stimulating oAcceptance – being part of a group oAs a way to socialize oProvides support when things go wrong oA way to look confident and in control oKeeps weight downSmoking is also a way to avoid feeling emotions such as sadness, grief, and anxiety. When smoking, the release of brain chemicals makes smokers feel like they are coping and dealing with life and stressful emotional situations. Nicotine brings up a level of good feelings. Cigarette smokers are aware when nicotine levels and good feelings begin to decrease, and light up quickly enough to stay in their personal comfort zone. However, they may not realize that avoiding their feelings is not the same as taking positive steps to create a life of greater potential and meaning.Smokers often say that lighting up a cigarette can calm their nerves, satisfy their cravings, and help them feel energized. Smoking acts as a drug, inducing a feeling of well-being with each puff. But, it's a phony sense of well-being that never produces a permanent satisfying or fulfilling result. Smoking lures you into believing that you can escape some underlying truth or reality. However, smoking doesn't allow you to actually transform your day-to-day life and live connected to your deeper hopes and dreams.Those were all reasons why smokers smoke with the risk and now here are some dangers of smoking. Smoking is the leading cause of death for both men and women in the United States. About 420,000 estimated to die each year as a result of smoking cigarettes. Individuals who smoke are likely to develop disease more opposed to non-smokers. There’s also a risk if you combine cigarette smoking with alcohol use. Smokers experience symptoms while smoking such as, persistent coughing, chest pain, and loss of breath. The fear of dying is what leads a lot of people to stop smoking cigarettes.It takes 2 of 3 serious efforts before this mission can be accomplished and sometimes may take even longer. It is a slow process, which requires hard work and dedication. When the person finally hits the actual â€Å"quitting day†, the person stops smoking and it can be called as the ending of the addiction of smoking. The Cause and effect of smoking cigarettes is that people smoke them to relive themselves of all the stress from the day. Also from the problems like weight and family related. The effect of that is smoking leads to cancer, and breathing problems, and all sorts of health issues down the road.

Its all about life Essay

Life is beautiful but not always easy, it has problems, too, and the challenge lies in facing them with courage, letting the beauty of life act like a balm, which makes the pain bearable, during trying times, by providing hope Happiness, sorrow, victory, defeat, day-night are the two sides of the me coin. Similarly life is full of moments of joy, pleasure, success and comfort punctuated by misery, defeat, failures and problems. There is no human being on Earth, strong, powerful, wise or rich, who has not experienced, struggle, suffering or failure. No doubt, life is beautiful and every moment – a celebration of being alive, but one should be always ready to face adversity and challenges. A person who has not encountered difficulties in life can never achieve success. Difficulties test the courage, patience, perseverance and true character of a human being. Adversity and hardships make a person strong and ready to face the challenges of life with equanimity. There is no doubt that there can be no gain without pain. It is only when one toils and sweats it out that success is nourished and sustained. Thus, life is and should not be just a bed of roses; thorns are also a part of it and should be accepted by us just as we accept the beautiful side of life. The thorns remind one of how success and happiness can be evasive and thus not to feel disappointed and disheartened rather remember that the pain of thorns is short-lived, and the beauty of life would soon overcome the prick of thorns. Those, who are under the impression that life is a bed of roses are disillusioned soon and become victims of depression and frustration. One who faces difficulties with courage and accepts success without letting it go to its head is the one who experience real happiness, contentment and peace in life. Those, who think, that good times last forever, easily succumb to pressure during difficulties. They do not put in required hard work and efforts because they break down easily. You can take the example of a student, who burns the mid night oil, makes sacrifices and resists temptations so that he can perform well. Similarly, a successful executive has to face the ups and downs of life, not forgetting that life is a mix of success and failure, joy and sorrow. If he loses hope during difficult times, he would not achieve success and would be replaced by others. Even the strongest Kings and Emperors have had their cup of woes. Life has not been a bed of roses for them. The adage ‘Uneasy lays the head that wears the crown’ has been rightly used for people, who are successful and are enjoying power and authority. To sum up, life is beautiful just as roses but it has challenges which are like thorns and have to be faced and overcome by all. Those, who accept these, challenges and succeed, are the ones, who know how to live life in its true sense. Thus, enjoy life but also be prepared to bear the pricks of pain. Read more:Â  Bed of Roses Meaning

Response papers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Response papers - Essay Example Being involved in sports as school children, athletes do not realize that emulating the big league is a useless, futile and expensive proposition, as there is no income and no media adulation. Parents' and society expectations take a serious toll on the athletes, with extreme peer pressure to succeed. This leads to suicides and depression in a very large number of school athletes, who lead their lives bearing the burden of expectations of their families and their school team coaches. In the article, Bissinger has explained in some detail the excesses that constitute a school sports system becoming an obsession. Although suicide and extreme emotional stress is talked about, a mention of the organizations and support groups who help these school kids would have not only exhibited the despair, but would have shown us the hope. Man is a social animal, and physical attractiveness is an important part of social interaction. The human baby is almost universally considered cute, as are the young of several other species. A case in point was Tai Shan the Panda, who generated an almost global wave of adoration when he was displayed in a zoo. Natalie Angier explains through an extensive range of examples, the advantages and the evolutionary need of being 'cute', whether for an animal, a human, or a product. The article explains the importance of humans finding their and other species' young cute as it evokes a desire of care-giving. Due to the physical vulnerability of human infants, evoking such a response in adults ensures their very survival. There are distinct physical traits in animals we find cute, such as forward facing eyes, a sideways walk and floppy ears, that we find appear enhanced and more prominent in children's' cartoon characters, at the cost of authenticity. The author cites evolutionary evidence and shows that humans are genetically hardwired to react positively to their young's need for care. Children's products all over the world exploit this uncontrollable charm in cute objects, by creating products that are found so by their target buyer. Everything from cars to dolls have been designed to evoke this emotion. The article does go into reasonable depth on the anthropological and psychological aspects of this perception, but could have additionally touched upon the potentially dangerous cosmetic surgeries that are performed all over the world to achieve attractiveness. The author could also have touched upon the distinction between feelings of care-giving and feelings of pity, as felt while looking at a malnourished child on TV. It will answer the question whether the feelings of adoration are stronger, or of pity. "Talk about editing" response paper Newspapers have served as a barometer of the times for more than a century, and the New York Times is an established name in daily newspapers, known all over the world for its objectivity and lucidity of style and content. An important part of the newspaper is the op-ed page, where anyone with an opinion and point of view on any topic may submit an article and have it printed. David Shipley's article explains in detail the process by which a submitted article is edited, including the importance of maintaining the purity of thought and the constant interaction of the editorial staff with the writer throughout the process. Editing starts with spelling and grammatical

Name As Object Of Self-Identical Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Name As Object Of Self-Identical - Essay Example In addition, names are responsible for how we first perceive ourselves. Parents after naming their children interact with them using these names. Names describe a person’s present self and more often than not they help people in forming their own first impressions. Names, whether given by parents or individually chosen are key in developing one’s self-identity. People try to live up or run away from their names. The concept of self-identity, in recent years, has been the subject of many psychological, social and anthropology discussions (Perry, 2002, p4). This essay will analyze the influence a name or names have on the self-identity of a person, culture, organization or country. In anthropology, the term self-identity is usually in the context of ethnic identity. That is the perception of oneself, or self-sameness, in regard to others. Their joint characteristics of language and culture of the group form the group’s identity. Names and identities are peas in a pod. They are similar in nature as people confuse the two quite a lot. Names can refer to identities but they do not dictate an object’s or person’s self-identity. Names, unlike other identifying markers, are not subject to stereotyping. People rarely associate a name with a behavior or reputation; however, the name provides a platform from which a person judges his fellow human. A name, let us say â€Å"John†, quickly resonates with people. From this name, people are able to quickly know your background, compare you to other â€Å"Johns† they know, among other relevant information they have on the name â€Å"John†. These observations summarize the powerful effects a name has on others. After birth, parents spend plenty of time researching and considering the name they will give to their child (Perry, 2002, p5). Several factors are considered when choosing a child’s name as it prepares the child for the future. Parents will give strong names for their boys and feminine names for the boys. Majority of parents will choose names that are not prone to teasing or mocking by other children or people when they grow up.

Google's creativity tools and innovation management Essay

Google's creativity tools and innovation management - Essay Example As per the new in the market Wolfram Alpha is getting into a partnership with Microsoft; and the other competitor Cuil formed by Ex-employees of Google is also considered a strong competitor of Google. Though Yahoo is also among the competitors of Google, but it might not be so threatening. 1. Six Thinking Hats technique teach the members to distinguish between different kind of thinking and then to relate them with distinct colour (University Of Texas, n.d.). In Google the management understands that Six Thinking Hat often results in great ideals and innovative solution, so they ask their employees to follow this habit (Executive Education Panel, n.d.). Still Microsoft relies more on blue hat think (Fried, 2005). As per Do Bono use of this technique assist the company to be creative (Faulknor, n.d.). 2. Brainstorm is used by the companies for generating alternative and innovative ideas and solutions for prevailing problem (Usability Body of Knowledge, 2005). In Google the brainstorming in applied for determining new products or services which will make the experience of customers better (Chamonix, 2007. p.1-6). None of the competitor of Google practices 80/20 Rule for better brainstorming techniques (Ahmad, 2007). As per the module it results in generation of new ideas. 3. Fishbone Map is a cause-effect analysis tool which is often used by the companies to show interaction in a complex situation or event (Cap Fear community College, n.d.). This comprises of five 5M: Man, Method, Machine, Material and Measurement. This helps the management to analyse the root cause behind any particular problem so it is called â€Å"trouble shooting method† (Abdulla, n.d.). This is a creative tool, which is used by Google quite often, is getting adopted by its other competitors like (Mochal, 2007). As per Ishikawa the companies should use this technique to develop creative solutions for the problem (Watne State University,

Health information system Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Health information system - Essay Example Furthermore, distribution and access to to healthcare is determined by income and standards of living. These features form a social pattern in health that tends to shape health dynamics with respect to certain social requirements. It is important to note with complete patient data, avoidable hospital visits are reduced. Some hospitals use other forms of communication such as email and telephone to reach and support patients from home by checking their health records. For instance, physicians use EHR to determine a patients' health concern. An integrated and comprehensive health record transfers the trend of health care to an efficient approach while maintaining the quality of health care. This results in minimal wastage on financial implications to the hospital, patient and government. Importance of aligned financial incentives. Health outcomes for the population are seen as being influenced by the operation of the capitalist economic system at two levels. Within the capitalist socie ties, health matters have progressed with refined technology in drug production. Poor societies are more likely to fall ill compared to richer societies. Poor disease prevention measures, minimal awareness initiatives by stakeholders, poorly funded research and costly treatment procedures are likely to affect access to health by poor clusters of people. These are some of results of inadequate health data (Gruber, Cummings, LeBlanc, & Smith, 2009). For instance, patients in the least developed areas have been subjected to low quality medication and clinical care. As a result, many people die out of preventable diseases due to early detection or lack of treatment fees. With health records on such scenarios, it would be easy for health providers make adequate arrangements for such people. Meadows Ginny (2002) asserts that, â€Å"Utilizing clinical information systems, an informatics nurse can help other nurses explore and understand the informational and cognitive foundations of their profession. The ability to electronically record, integrate, and analyze data and information enables nurses to quickly move to the synthesis of nursing knowledge and the development of nursing wisdom, which they can then apply to affect patient care.† (Meadows, 2002). It is important to note that the rich controls the health organizations, health research institutions and drug distribution, thus making it difficult for the poor people to make any significant decision or policy on health matters. This has been achieved in some areas through creating enforcement departments within institutions to monitor progress and recommend necessary changes. EHS is important in generating information on how to tackle socioeconomic differences in health care and health policies in any nation are important for equal access to health facilities (Kaufman, Roberts, Merrill, Lai, & Bakken, 2006). This should address areas such as health information technology to shape a coordinated and focused n ational policy in support of patient care. A socially supportive atmosphere prompts the adoption of healthy behaviors. This can be realized when all people have equal and unlimited access to health facilities irrespective of class. Electronic health record (EHS) helps in adopting a patient-centerdness approach that involves shared decisions, outcome

Mesa Shading Master Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Mesa Shading Master Plan - Essay Example This type of shading can be used to the sidewalks and pedestrian corridors. Trees can be planted in order to give shade along the sidewalks. Trees like Delonix Regia and Gleditsia tricanthos are a better choice because they can survive harsh climate conditions, grow fast and do not produce fruit. Green roofing is the best kind of roofing that can be used in areas such as bus stops and intersections. This kind of shading is environmental friendly, and they ensure conservation of the environment and tackle the loss of biodiversity. This type of shading increases energy efficiency while providing shading. If this kind of shading is installed in parking lots, they will produce clean energy as well as shading the cars from direct sunlight. In Mesa Dr, we shall have the Delonix regiaon trees on the streets. These kinds of trees are drought resistant and grow very fast. We shall avoid trees like the tipu tree because of its strong roots that can uproot sidewalk pavement. E University Dr will adopt the solar shading as this will enable generate extra power for the surrounding areas. N centre streets should be planted with Muskogee Crape Myrtle. These trees provide shade as this type does not bear fruit and grows quickly. Grynning, S., Time, B., & Matusiak, B. (2014). Solar shading control strategies in cold climates - Heating, cooling demand and daylight availability in office spaces. Solar Energy, 107182-194. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2014.06.007 Sun, L., Lu, L., & Yang, H. (2012). Optimum design of shading-type building-integrated photovoltaic claddings with different surface azimuth angles. Applied Energy, 90(1), 233-240.

Career Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Career Development - Essay Example My acumen on the technical skill rapidly becomes well established each day to an extent that they were delegating very technical and intricate work to be done. I easily I adopted to the Chinese working culture. The roles that I widely worked on included the following: When repacking the bearing for the wheel of car, I was involved in, jacking up the car and removing the wheels. Then checking the drum and ensures it is rubbed. Then prying the grease drum and also removing the cotter pin, and sliding all the castellated nuts off the spindles. In addition, I used to slide the outer bearing, with the washer in front of it, off the spindle and check the grease availability in all the spaces between the bearings. The second contact that gave a wealth of experience in my field of automotive was very satisfying. It was in a very renowned club of Manchester that involves international countries in racing competition of Manchester. I used to work for 2 hours per day earning a wage of 100$ per hour. It is contract that lasted for three years that is from September 2007 to September 2010. I finalized by getting a contract of supplying the very Manchester club with the spare parts. The contracts were for two years. I have registered with professional bodies that are affiliated with car repackaging to ensure that I get any updates involving the field of car repackaging I am at abreast with the knowledge. I have registered with the following professional bodies that allow keep me updated with the very current knowledge. Communicating ones conviction can be hard verbally compared with written. In my resume, words have been given power to communicate my convictions. In my resume I have one single conviction in life that has been the drive of my life. The drive that I intend to impact with on the institution that I place my bid for employment. The

Roman Catholicism In Brazil Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Roman Catholicism In Brazil - Essay Example the impact of the next aspect of the Brazilian religious marketplace to be considered: the Catholic church’s declining power and influence relative to other traditions. (p. 245) The erosion of Roman Catholicism’s longstanding dominant status in Brazil’s religious marketplace over recent decades is most evident in the dwindling of the Catholic rank and file. For instance, census data showed that from the 1970s up to the present, the Catholics’ share of the population was dipping in contrast to the steady rise of the Protestant percentage. The most reliable estimates place the Catholic population in the country to have dropped to a staggering 75%. (Smith and Prokopy, p. 246) This decrease seem to reflect that which some called as a veritable internal diaspora in which Catholics by the thousands have switched their primary allegiance to evangelical Protestantism, Pentecostalism, Umbanda, Afro-Brazilian traditions of Kardecism. Also, this has encouraged what came to be known as privatized type of Catholicism, wherein the faithful, instead of strictly adhering to church teachings, continued to have only irregular contact with the priests bec ause of their shortage. There are some critics who view this sea of change in the Brazilian religious economy was the Catholic hierarchy’s shift to a more tolerant stance regarding religious pluralism. One should remember that that during the preconciliar period, Afro-Brazilian traditions and Umbanda were systematically denounced by the press, often at the instigation of the Catholic hierarchy. Whether there are some valid issues in regard to the exodus of some Catholics towards other denominations or not, the fact remains that Brazilians have a deep sense of religiosity. In this regard, we go back to how popular Catholic traditions are hardly episodic, fortunately they are also not routinized. (Reily 2002, p. 213) Furthermore, while popular Catholicism stands in opposition to the centralized official church, it is

How occupational status, intergenerational mobility and social network Essay

How occupational status, intergenerational mobility and social network affects individual's status attainment - Essay Example There are different factors which are responsible for status attainment. Some of them are occupational status, intergenerational mobility and social network. Depending on the positioning of the individual with respect to these factors, the status attainment of an individual is determined. This paper studies some of the likely effects of these three factors on the individual's attainment of his status. In studying the concept of social attainment, human capital theory, theories on discrimination and the status attainment models have been used. According to Dr.Pretty Lam (2000) Human capital theory explains the differences in social and economic positions on the basis of factors like, education, work experience and on the job training. Besides the human capital, the concepts of social capital and cultural capital will also be used. "The educational and occupational status attainment process links socio-economic status and mental ability to educational and occupational attainment by means of intervening social psychological variables, including academic performance, the influence of significant others and educational and occupational aspirations." (William H. Sewell, Archibald O. Haller, George W. Ohlendorf 1970) Many analysts even today will substantiate the statement of Blau & Duncan (1967) that "occupational status summarizes much of what matters in the system of inequality". While this fully applies to modern societies, it is even more true for historically observed societies. Occupational position has been the most prominent indicator of social inequality in the past, even more than it is today. Thus by subscribing to the social inequality, the status attainment is more than influenced by an individual's occupational standing and its relevance to his societal status. The occupational position this assumes an important position in the status attainment of an individual. 3.0 Intergenerational Mobility and Status Attainment: For quite some time, the influence of family background on the adult children's economic outcomes has been the focus of research economists. Most of the studies are based on the model developed by Becker and Tomes (1986). In the model, the altruism of the parents is assumed to be of great importance and the parents care about their children's welfare. Parents through heredity like generic traits, cognitive ability and through family environments like family connections pass on endowments to their children. As per Anh Nguyen and Haile Getinet (2003) in addition, parents can influence the economic outcomes of their children by purportedly investing in their children human capital. Because of market imperfections, some parents cannot invest in their children's education at the optimum points, which leads to persistence across generations in economic status, and the poor remains poor. Thus intergenerational mobility of income and earnings has a clear impact on the status attainment of an individual. Apart from the income and earnings, educational attainment and occupational linkage across generatio

Housing Dhaka Essay Example for Free

Housing Dhaka Essay One of the major consequences of rapid urbanization in Bangladesh has been the persistent deterioration of housing situation in metropolitan areas. The concentration of the poor in such areas and the ever-widening gap between the demand for and supply Iand for housing have led to the deyelopment of of low_income settlements on environmentally sensitive and hazard-prone lands. The problem is particularly acute in Dhaka where the poor residents have been increasingly constrained to such marginal land, in preferred sites. The inabirity of the poor residents is largely attributed to the prevailing prolitical situation of the country, ineptitude public as they arc unable to buy or rent land of organizations, nonchalant altitude of the government and predatory nature of the formal land market in Dhaka. The urban poor ofDhaka have come to realise that they do not folm part of the privileged group(s) to which the city authoriries cater their service and that they have been left out to fend for themselves. With this realisation the poor have sought to  provide housing for themselves. In such attempts, unauthorised settlements have developed in various marginal places, especially along and over water regimes in Dhaka. Over the years development of settlements and deliberate encroachment by private and public sector development have led to the disappearance of lakes, canals, flood plains, etc. rhat existed within the city. In thls process numerous ponds and tanks have also disappeared, creating an ecological imbalance with Dhaka experiencing the worst flood in history in r9gg. Dhaka has arso rost much of its beauty and its natural heritage. On the other hand, atlempts to creare spaces or pseudo-land over and along water bodies and swamps without proper planning and design techniques have produced undesirable outcomes and red to serious decline in envrronmental conditions in the immediate and sunounding area where such spaces have been created. Life and health of local residents as well as the city residents have put been to risk. Considering the gravity of the problem the aim of this paper is to investrgate how the urban poor of Dhaka are constrained to marginal places and shed light on aspects which bring about this situation. This paper also aims to highlight the problems produced as a result of creation of spaces over water and suggests measure to reverse such hazardous living conditions of the urban poor in Dhaka. It is assumed that unprecedented urbanization and ineptitude ofconcerned authorities have produced conditions forcing the 55 56 U rbanization in Bangladesh urban poor to live in marginal places. The paper, thus, begins with appraisals of issues related to the urbanization of Dhaka such as its land value and the Prospect of housing provision for the poor in this city before investigating the actual problem of creating unplanned spaces for living. Information for this paper has been collected from both primary and secondary sources. The Exodus Towards Dhaka The rate ofpopulation growth for Dhaka has been. 3 percent, 9. 4 Percent and 7. 8 percent dudng the 196l-1974, 1974-1981 and l98l-1991 pe ods respectively (RAJUK, 1995). This has produced a number of unexpected outcomes in recent decades, such as rapidity of urban growth and mega-population of the city. The reason for such rapid growth is the status of Dhaka as a capital city and the centripetal nature of concentration of major activities and facilities within the city-as a result people from all over Bangladesh are atbacted towards this city. Added to it are the prevailing political situation of the country, stagnant rural economy and nonchalant attitude of the government towards decentralization. The result is that Dhaka is suffering from over-population while other towns and rural areas are suffering for want of industries, factories, etc. Informal job opponunities have declined in areas outside Dhaka The sheer number of people living in this city makes any son of business prosper and thrive. Thus, businesses or jobs mean chances for people to survive.

SWOT Analysis of HSBC Bank

SWOT Analysis of HSBC Bank Task 1 HSBC is known as one of the largest banking and financial services organization in the world. . It has established businesses in Europe, the Asia-Pacific region, the Americas, the Middle East and Africa. In 1991, HSBC holdings were incorporated in England, with its head office based in London. In 1999, the company established its international brand name, which ensured that the Groups corporate symbol became a familiar sight all across the world. HSBC differentiates its brand name from those of its competitors by describing the unique characteristics which distinguish HSBC, namely being, The worlds local bank. As at 31st December 2004, its total asset was valued at 660 billion. It has over 9,500 offices worldwide. It employs over 253, 000 people, across different countries and territories. Its shares are held by around 200,000 people in some 100 countries and territories. The companys shares are also traded on most of the worlds renowned stock exchanges, namely, London, Paris, New Yo rk, and Bermuda stock exchanges respectively. The HSBC group provides a comprehensive range of financial services namely: Personal Financial Services: It has over 100 million personal consumers worldwide (including Consumer Finance customers). It provides a full range of personal finance services, including current and savings accounts, mortgages, insurance, loans, credit cards, pensions, and investment services. It is one of the worlds top ten issuers of credit cards. Consumer Finance: The Companys Finance Corporations consumer finance business ensures point of sale credit to consumers, and lends money and provides related services to meet the financial needs of everyday people. In 2004, it completed the integration of its former household businesses. Commercial Banking: HSBC is a leading provider of financial services to small, medium-sized and middle market enterprises. The group has over two million such customers, including sole proprietors, partnerships, clubs, and associations, incorporated businesses and publicly quoted companies. In the UK, 209 Commercial Centre were launched to provide improved relationship management for higher value small-medium-sized enterprise customers, while in Hong Kong, Business Banking Centres, were expanded to provide a one-stop service. Corporate Investment Banking and Markets: Tailored financial services are provided to corporate and financial clients. Business lines include Global Markets, Corporate and Institutional Banking, Global Transaction Banking, and Global Investment Banking. Global Markets includes foreign exchange, fixed income, derivatives, equities, metals trade, and other trading businesses. Corporate and Institutional Banking covers relationship management and lending activities. Global Transaction Banking includes payment and cash management, trade services, supply chain, securities services, and wholesale banknotes businesses. Global Investment Banking involves investment banking advisory, and investment banking financing activities. Private Banking: HSBC is one of the worlds top private banking businesses, providing financial services to high net worth individual and families in 70 different locations. Task 2 While a business plan describes what your business is and intends to be, a marketing plan focuses onchange.A marketing plan is essential to every business because itdescribes how you plan to attract and retain customers. SWOT Analysis (S)trengths: HSBC group offers a comprehensive range of financial services in Bangladesh. Personal Financial Services:It has over 100 million personal consumers worldwide (including Consumer Finance customers). It provides a full range of personal finance services, including current and savings accounts, mortgages, insurance, loans, credit cards, pensions, and investment services. It is one of the worlds top ten issuers of credit cards. Commercial Banking: HSBC is a leading provider of financial services to small, medium-sized and middle market enterprises. The group has over two million such customers, including sole proprietors, partnerships, clubs, and associations, incorporated businesses and publicly quoted companies. In the UK, 209 Commercial Centre were launched to provide improved relationship management for higher value small-medium-sized enterprise customers, while in Hong Kong, Business Banking Centres, were expanded to provide a one-stop service. Corporate Investment Banking and Markets: Tailored financial services are provided to corporate and financial clients. Business lines include Global Markets, Corporate and Institutional Banking, Global Transaction Banking, and Global Investment Banking. Global Markets includes foreign exchange, fixed income, derivatives, equities, metals trade, and other trading businesses. Corporate and Institutional Banking covers relationship management and lending activities. Global Transaction Banking includes payment and cash management, trade services, supply chain, securities services, and wholesale banknotes businesses. Global Investment Banking involves investment banking advisory, and investment banking financing activities. Private Banking: HSBC is one of the worlds top private banking businesses, providing financial services to high net worth individual and families in 70 different locations. (W)eaknesses: HSBC in Bangladesh has been affected by the world-wide financial uncertainty and instability. Equally customers both private and business of all financial institutions now have serious concerns and doubts about the security of their own monies and investments. Trust in HSBC and its management is at an all time low and it needs to address this, in order to alleviate customer concerns, build trust again and re-establish banks own brands and market positions. (O)pportunities: HSBC could build renewed customer confidence and this will rebuild and retain their current customers trust. It will also gain customers from other banks and financial organizations who do not target and address these customer concerns. Objectives The aim of HSBC is to rebuild and retain customer trust and re-establish its brand and market position for the future. Marketing Strategy: Towards the end of 2003, HSBC launched Managing for Growth, a strategic plan that provides HSBC with a blueprint for growth and development during the next five years. The strategy is evolutionary, not revolutionary. It builds on HSBCs strengths and it addresses the areas where further improvement is considered both desirable and attainable. HSBC concentrates on growing earnings over the long term at a rate which will place it favourably when compared with its peer group. Also it focuses on investing in its delivery platforms, its technology, its people and its brand to support the future value of HSBC as reflected in its comparative stock market rating and total shareholder return (TSR). HSBC remains committed to benchmarking its performance by comparison with a peer group. Budget: HSBC has to ensure that it has sufficient finance available to rebuild and retain customer trust and re-establish its brand and market position for the future. Task 3 Based on the marketing plan, we can communicate to our target audience in Bangladesh the rebuilding and retaining of customer trust and re-establishment of the HSBC brand and its market position for the future in many ways. We can do advertisement in many ways. Those ways are as follows: Advertisement: We can include the advertisement on the newspaper as the advertisement is relatively long lasting. It is also cheaper that way. We can distribute leaflets to peoples homes through the post. Leaflets are long lasting and it can be distributed to specific customers. We can use the internet as a medium for advertising. We can have our own website, on which we can advertise and tell potential customers about us and our offer. Promotion: We can give discount to the customers. We can reduce the interest rates. We can distribute free samples either nationally or in a local area. In this way prospective customers may be interested. We can produce brochures and catalogues describing our business. This will give the impression of our quality organization. Direct Response Programs: We can introduce the option of credit card that is customers can do shopping by the use of their credit card. We can allow people their bills in our organization that is HSBC. Sponsorship: We can sponsor a cricket tournament like the World Cup in Bangladesh. We can sponsor the cultural events like Pohela Baishakh. We can sponsor the events like Book Fair. Task 4 HSBC is known as one of the largest banking and financial services organization in the world. . It has established businesses in Europe, the Asia-Pacific region, the Americas, the Middle East and Africa. In 1991, HSBC holdings were incorporated in England, with its head office based in London. In 1999, the company established its international brand name, which ensured that the Groups corporate symbol became a familiar sight all across the world. HSBC differentiates its brand name from those of its competitors by describing the unique characteristics which distinguish HSBC, namely being, The worlds local bank. As at 31st December 2004, its total asset was valued at ?660 billion. It has over 9,500 offices worldwide. It employs over 253, 000 people, across different countries and territories. Its shares are held by around 200,000 people in some 100 countries and territories. The companys shares are also traded on most of the worlds renowned stock exchanges, namely, London, Paris, New Y ork, and Bermuda stock exchanges respectively. The HSBC group provides a comprehensive range of financial services namely: Personal Financial Services: It has over 100 million personal consumers worldwide (including Consumer Finance customers). It provides a full range of personal finance services, including current and savings accounts, mortgages, insurance, loans, credit cards, pensions, and investment services. It is one of the worlds top ten issuers of credit cards. Consumer Finance: The Companys Finance Corporations consumer finance business ensures point of sale credit to consumers, and lends money and provides related services to meet the financial needs of everyday people. In 2004, it completed the integration of its former household businesses. Commercial Banking: HSBC is a leading provider of financial services to small, medium-sized and middle market enterprises. The group has over two million such customers, including sole proprietors, partnerships, clubs, and associations, incorporated businesses and publicly quoted companies. In the UK, 209 Commercial Centre were launched to provide improved relationship management for higher value small-medium-sized enterprise customers, while in Hong Kong, Business Banking Centres, were expanded to provide a one-stop service. Corporate Investment Banking and Markets: Tailored financial services are provided to corporate and financial clients. Business lines include Global Markets, Corporate and Institutional Banking, Global Transaction Banking, and Global Investment Banking. Global Markets includes foreign exchange, fixed income, derivatives, equities, metals trade, and other trading businesses. Corporate and Institutional Banking covers relationship management and lending activities. Global Transaction Banking includes payment and cash management, trade services, supply chain, securities services, and wholesale banknotes businesses. Global Investment Banking involves investment banking advisory, and investment banking financing activities. Private Banking: HSBC is one of the worlds top private banking businesses, providing financial services to high net worth individual and families in 70 different locations. While a business plan describes what your business is and intends to be, a marketing plan focuses onchange.A marketing plan is essential to every business because itdescribes how you plan to attract and retain customers. SWOT Analysis (S)trengths: HSBC group offers a comprehensive range of financial services in Bangladesh. Personal Financial Services: It has over 100 million personal consumers worldwide (including Consumer Finance customers). It provides a full range of personal finance services, including current and savings accounts, mortgages, insurance, loans, credit cards, pensions, and investment services. It is one of the worlds top ten issuers of credit cards. Commercial Banking: HSBC is a leading provider of financial services to small, medium-sized and middle market enterprises. The group has over two million such customers, including sole proprietors, partnerships, clubs, and associations, incorporated businesses and publicly quoted companies. In the UK, 209 Commercial Centre were launched to provide improved relationship management for higher value small-medium-sized enterprise customers, while in Hong Kong, Business Banking Centres, were expanded to provide a one-stop service. Corporate Investment Banking and Markets: Tailored financial services are provided to corporate and financial clients. Business lines include Global Markets, Corporate and Institutional Banking, Global Transaction Banking, and Global Investment Banking. Global Markets includes foreign exchange, fixed income, derivatives, equities, metals trade, and other trading businesses. Corporate and Institutional Banking covers relationship management and lending activities. Global Transaction Banking includes payment and cash management, trade services, supply chain, securities services, and wholesale banknotes businesses. Global Investment Banking involves investment banking advisory, and investment banking financing activities. Private Banking: HSBC is one of the worlds top private banking businesses, providing financial services to high net worth individual and families in 70 different locations. (W)eaknesses: HSBC in Bangladesh has been affected by the world-wide financial uncertainty and instability. Equally customers both private and business of all financial institutions now have serious concerns and doubts about the security of their own monies and investments. Trust in HSBC and its management is at an all time low and it needs to address this, in order to alleviate customer concerns, build trust again and re-establish banks own brands and market positions. (O)pportunities: HSBC could build renewed customer confidence and this will rebuild and retain their current customers trust. It will also gain customers from other banks and financial organizations who do not target and address these customer concerns. Objectives The aim of HSBC is to rebuild and retain customer trust and re-establish its brand and market position for the future. Marketing Strategy: Towards the end of 2003, HSBC launched Managing for Growth, a strategic plan that provides HSBC with a blueprint for growth and development during the next five years. The strategy is evolutionary, not revolutionary. It builds on HSBCs strengths and it addresses the areas where further improvement is considered both desirable and attainable. HSBC concentrates on growing earnings over the long term at a rate which will place it favourably when compared with its peer group. Also it focuses on investing in its delivery platforms, its technology, its people and its brand to support the future value of HSBC as reflected in its comparative stock market rating and total shareholder return (TSR). HSBC remains committed to benchmarking its performance by comparison with a peer group. Budget: HSBC has to ensure that it has sufficient finance available to rebuild and retain customer trust and re-establish its brand and market position for the future. Based on the marketing plan, we can communicate to our target audience in Bangladesh the rebuilding and retaining of customer trust and re-establishment of the HSBC brand and its market position for the future in many ways. We can do advertisement in many ways. Those ways are as follows: Promotion We can include the advertisement on the newspaper as the advertisement is relatively long lasting. It is also cheaper that way. We can distribute leaflets to peoples homes through the post. Leaflets are long lasting and it can be distributed to specific customers. We can use the internet as a medium for advertising. We can have our own website, on which we can advertise and tell potential customers about us and our offer. Advertisement: We can include the advertisement on the newspaper as the advertisement is relatively long lasting. It is also cheaper that way. We can distribute leaflets to peoples homes through the post. Leaflets are long lasting and it can be distributed to specific customers. We can use the internet as a medium for advertising. We can have our own website, on which we can advertise and tell potential customers about us and our offer. Promotion: We can give discount to the customers. We can reduce the interest rates. We can distribute free samples either nationally or in a local area. In this way prospective customers may be interested. We can produce brochures and catalogues describing our business. This will give the impression of our quality organization. Direct Response Programs: We can introduce the option of credit card that is customers can do shopping by the use of their credit card. We can allow people their bills in our organization that is HSBC. Sponsorship: We can sponsor a cricket tournament like the World Cup in Bangladesh. We can sponsor the cultural events like Pohela Baishakh. We can sponsor the events like Book Fair. References Website http//www.google.com/ Book: Marketing

Is Export oriented industrialization indispensable for economic growth

Is Export oriented industrialization indispensable for economic growth INTRODUCTION One of the key indicators, of economic development of a country, is its level of industrialization. That is, as many empirical investigations proved the main reason for increased divergence in living standards between the advanced countries and the developing countries is their level of industrialization. This being the fact, it is only after decolonization and end of world War II that, developing countries consciously adopted industrialization strategies for economic development purposes and as a solution, from their vulnerable dependence on export of few primary products and import of high valued manufactured goods (Brisbane, 1980). The low terms of trade in international market for primary goods from former colonies and the determination to get out of severe poverty and register sustained growth, were the main reasons for the diversification of the narrow structure of the colonial economy. Industrialization is beneficial for developing countries for many reasons including the following (i) it reduces their vulnerable dependence; (ii) it speeds up their economic growth process; (iii) it modernize the economy through spill over or externalities effects associated with industrialization, from advanced countries; (iv) create more employment for the vast population in rural agricultural sector and accelerate income growth which is used as a means to re-distribute income to the impoverished masses; and (v) generate more foreign currency through export which reduces balance of payment problems (Brisbane, 1980). As Brisbane explained, to industrialize, developing countries adopted import substitution strategies from about 1945 to the 1970s. Import substitution strategy is designed to produce few luxury consumer goods for domestic consumption behind a very high tariff wall. However, most countries which followed the import substitution strategy failed, to meet the goal of industrialization, while spectacular growth and development was reported from developing countries that pursued an export oriented strategy, in the 1970s. Defined simply, export-oriented Industrialization (EOI) often termed as export led industrialization (ELI) is a policy designed for the purpose of speeding up the industrialization process of a country through exporting goods for which the nation has a comparative advantage. This policy requires countries to open up their domestic market to foreign competition in return to getting access to international market. In order to promote EOI and ultimately economic development, complementary policies in relation to tariffs, trade, exchange rate, and others need to be adopted and employed. This paper will critically examine how export oriented industrialization is essential for economic growth in developing countries, if it can be backed up by appropriate policies on trade, industrial policy and exchange rate policy, geared for that purpose. The paper also argues that export oriented industrialization has its own drawbacks. Thus, the essay is structured as follows: In section 2, It the paper analyses the significance of policies on the functioning of EOI, particularly: trade policy, industrial policy and exchange rate policy that developing countries need to adopt and identifies areas where government intervention is needed to bring economic development. It then explains the drawbacks of export oriented industrialization, on export dependence countries, in Section 3. Then section 4, empirically examines how EOI contributes to economic development and the conclusions are presented in section 5. 2. Significance of Policies on EOI The role of complementary policies for effectiveness of export oriented industrialization is undeniable. This paper focuses mainly on how trade, industrial and exchange rate policies can support EOI policy. 2.1 Trade policy: Appropriate trade policy is one of the key tools used for effective of export oriented industrialization and for economic development, in general. That is, the better trade policy a country has, the better chance it has for industrial diversification, creating value added products and getting more income from export. Theoretical context: Even if, there has been little consensus on the relationship between trade and short- to medium -term economic growth-and even less on its role in long term economic development. The principle of comparative advantage, which prescribe countries to specialize as to their factor endowment, first described by David Ricardo, forms the theoretical basis for traditional trade theory and provides the rationale for free trade. The principle states that even if a country produced all goods more cheaply than other countries, it would benefit by specializing in the export of its relatively cheapest good (or the good in which it has a comparative advantage)(Murray Gibbs 2007, p. 10). And some classical economists believed that the principal base for this principle is the difference in factor endowments among countries determine the relative cost of production. However, this traditional theory from classical economists has been challenged as it doesnt explain well the actual trade patterns and as the theory has unrealistic assumptions, like perfect competition, full employment etc (Murray Gibbs 2007). In addition to the unrealistic assumptions, in real situations the theory favors advanced countries, and developing countries hardly benefit anything from it. The controversial Singer Prebisch thesis, also explained this situation by stating that it is the center that gets all the benefits of international trade while the periphery gets nothing, which opposes to the Ricardian Theory of Comparative Advantage. He argued: given the differences in the existing economic, productive and labor market structures between the periphery and the center (in the application of technology in traded goods and in the market structures; oligopoly vs. competitive) less-developed countries cannot benefit from international market, if they adopt comparative advan tage doctrine (Todaro and Smith 2009).This is because developing countries usually produce and export primary products which have lower terms of trade. And the scope for diversification is too narrow, and these conditions put developing countries to have vulnerable dependence on international market. Thus, unlike the classical economists static comparative advantage doctrine, dynamic comparative advantage is a better option for developing countries. This is because as more innovation, technology, capital, and other requirements for industrializations are met and as industrialization happens in developing countries, it will be easier to diversify their economic structure, as manufactured goods have better terms of trade than primary products. Skarstein (2007) in his paper Free Trade: A Dead End for Underdeveloped Economies,criticized the comparative advantage doctrine. He argued, what matters most in international trade is the absolute advantage that countries get out of it than a comparative advantage. And empirical evidences show that the doctrines of comparative advantage and free trade benefit the advanced countries only. This is mainly because the doctrines are likely to exclude international learning among countries. Particularly, the WTO agreement, Trade related intellectual property rights (TRIPS), which is a big challenge developing countries to acquire technology, skill and international learning from the rest of the world. He also argued, for a trade policy to function effectively, developing countries have to make sure that, this policy is well integrated with their industrial policy. And in addition to these, developing countries have to get support from advanced countries, through reduced import tariffs for goods from developing countries and by giving developing countries a chance to protect their industries and to get easy access to international market. He also stressed that, developing countries have to ensure that food security is maintained in their countries, as it keeps them safe from their foreign account, balance of payment problems as well. Thus, governments of developing countries have to protect agricultural production for consumption. Therefore, while designing policies, developing countries have to consider the dynamic comparative advantage or absolute advantage options. In addition to this, they also have to consider how their economic integration to the world economy should be in support of EOI. 2.2 Industrial policy: A proper industrial policy is also another important tool for effective export oriented industrialization, as a countrys industrialization depends on how individual domestic firms are protected. This is because, it is individual firms that innovate and harness technological change and compete in the world market (Suranovic, 2002). The basic policy component of industrial policy for developing countries is Infant industry protection. It is a necessary condition, because newly emerging firms in developing countries need some policy to help them grow strong and to safeguard them from intrusion of foreign firms in their market, that have a negative effect on their growth. Infant industries in developing countries can mainly be protected through import tariff mechanism, which reduce imports from the rest of the world and raises demand and production of domestic product. This protection enables the domestic firms to cover their higher production costs and to remain in business. Depending on the nature of the firm, infant industry protection strategy will help the domestic firms to produce efficiently and to be competent in international markets. However, in order to use the infant industry protection policy as a tool for export oriented industrialization, government of developing countries need to have reliable information about what industry to protect, how large the production tariffs need to be and over what period the tariffs will be reduced and eliminated. Because import tariffs have to be gradually reduced and eliminated, to increase efficiency of domestic firms. A complementary policy component to infant industry protection in export oriented industrialization is export promotion. This component stimulates export and allows the infant industry to have access to international market, while Infant industry protection policy allows the new domestic firm to grow strong. For industrial policy to be effective it has to be complemented by competition policy, as some regulations are required for the competition among domestic firms and simultaneously, as there is a need for policy to protect the domestic firms from intrusion of foreign firms in their market. A coherent execution of industrial policy requires a coordinated approach to trade policies. This is because trade policies are designed usually in accordance with a countrys trade negotiations, which include: policies related to investment, tariff, Intellectual property, and others. The effectiveness of tariffs as a tool for industrialization is also linked to the monetary policy framework within which it operates. When the capital account is liberalized control over exchange rates may be lost and the appreciation of exchange rates can obviously undermine export competitiveness and the impact of tariff protection (Murray Gibbs 2007, p. 19). 2.3. Exchange rate policy: The role of exchange rate policy in the success of export oriented industrialization strategy is undeniable. Exchange rate is a policy on the level of exchange rate of a countrys currency. The main challenge in formulating the exchange rate policy is in keeping balance between maintaining exchange rate stability and maintaining export price competitiveness, which requires devaluation. Devaluation increases the value of imports, while it gives options for exporters to choose either to reduce the prices of their products or to keep them as they are, to increase their profit margin. Thus, devaluation, at a cost of higher inflation, enables domestic industries to be competent internationally, by keeping the volume of import down and by raising the volume of export (domestic output) higher. The role of government in controlling inflation, to stabilize the economy is very essential, here. Thus, this phenomenon in addition to supporting the export oriented industrialization process it helps countries to improve their current account balance in Balance of payment problem (Jacob, Atta ; Keith R., Jefferis ; Ita, Mannathoko and Pelani, Siwawa-Ndai 2000) 3. Drawbacks of Export dependence A country is dependent on export, if export constitutes the largest portion of its gross domestic products. However, even if EOI strategy contributes for economic development, the extent to which this strategy is applied has to be considered for various reasons. To mention some of them, as dependency theorists argue: first, export dependent developing countries cause chaos on the long-term economic planning capacity of a nation-state (Barratt-Brown Prebisch) as these countries have little or no control over the market, to allow sustained economic growth through stable revenue. Second, Income from export is not a reliable source for economic development for developing countries. As many of the export oriented industrializations in these countries are owned by multinational corporations, and large portion of revenue from such sources are not repatriated, to be used for re-investment (Jaffee, 1985). 4. Empirical evidence: Skarstein, 2007 paper Free Trade: A Dead End for Underdeveloped Economies, showed the empirical evidences on EOIs contribution for miraculous economic development of the Asian tigers and the now developed countries. It mainly showed the relationship between economic development and effective implementation of infant industries protection policy and export promotion policy. In support of this, it is argued, that many people have argued that Infant industry protection was precisely the industrial development strategy that was pursued by countries like the US and Germany during their rapid industrial development before the turn of the 20th century. Both the US and Germany had high tariffs during their industrial revolution periods. These tariffs helped protect fledgling industries from competition with more efficient firms in Britain and may have been the necessary requirement to stimulate economic growth (Suranovic 2002) Bairoch also analyzed data and concluded that the different the effect of free trade on developed and developing countries is. In all the cases he analyzed, free trade has a positive effect on developed countries while it lets the least developed countries to suffer. He mentioned that United Kingdom registered its fastest growth during the period (1860 1880). In those cases he analyzed, how effective import tariffs for developing countries were in their economic development (Bairoch, 1972, p. 211). In his paper, Skarstein, illustrated, with detailed data how the East Asian tigers used industrialization policy for their economic development. That is: first by implementing a policy of protected import substitution and then, as their industries grow competent, by shifting their industrialization strategy to export oriented industrialization, with a slow reduction of import barriers for industrial good. And, at the same time, how implementing high import protection for their agriculture helped them to maintain food security and helped their success in industrialization The miraculous performance of the East and South East Asian countries during 1970s to 1990s cannot be analyzed without considering the connection between the export -oriented policies and economic growth. In the Newly Industrialized Economies from East and South East Asia, the general macroeconomic policies as well as selective export promotion policies facilitated the high export and economic growth. Following their path China and India also changed their policy stance in favor of export oriented policies and moved on the high growth trajectories. 5. Conclusions: In sum industrialization is a key process for developing countries for economic development. However, as many economists agree, the process of economic development is very complex, as it depends on large number of variables such as political system, socio economic structure, capital accumulation (both physical and human), trade, price fluctuations, and income distribution, and even more on geographical characteristics. As such, while export oriented industrialization contributes to economic growth, it is not necessarily indispensable to the growth and development of developing countries. As explained in this essay, EOI can be one of the key strategies to register economic growth. And in order for it to function effectively it has to be supported by appropriate components of the policy like: infant industry protection strategy, competition policy, export promotion strategy and others. More specifically, it requires well functioning and well integrated macroeconomic policies like: trade policy, industrial policy, exchange rate policy, investment policy, tariff policy and others. Government intervention also plays a key role in making the export oriented industrialization effective for economic development. Examined empirical evidences also reveal that Export-oriented Industrialization was particularly the characteristic of the economic development of the Asian Tigers: Hong Kong, South Korea, Taiwan and Singapore in the post World War II period . In addition to Asian Tigers, evidences also tell how EOI strategy contributed for the economic development of US, Germany and others, who are now in developed world category. However, though the role of export oriented industrialization in economic development is undeniable, countries have to also carefully consider its share in the gross domestic product, as larger export dependence has a negative effect on economic growth.

Restoring Mind-Brain Supervenience: A Proposal :: Philosophy Philosophical Papers

Restoring Mind-Brain Supervenience: A Proposal ABSTRACT: In this paper I examine the claim that mental causation — at least for cases involving the production of purposive behavior — is possible only if ‘mind/brain supervenience’ obtains, and suggest that in spite of all the bad press it has received in recent years, mind/brain supervenience is still the best way for a physicalist to solve the ‘exclusion problem’ that plagues many accounts of mental causation. In section 3, I introduce a form of mind/brain supervenience that depends crucially on the idea that some brain state-types-namely, those involved in the production of purposive behavior-are nonlocally sensitive, where by ‘nonlocal sensitivity’ I mean cases where relevant causal histories and environmental circumstances effect a difference in some of an organism’s brain state-types intrinsic, causal properties. I will argue that such a mode of sensitivity of brain state-types offers the best way out of the exclusio n problem for anyone convinced that mental state-types should be relationally individuated. I In what follows, I examine the claim that mental causation—at least for cases involving the production of purposive behavior—is possible only if ‘mind/brain supervenience’ obtains, and suggest that in spite of all the bad press it has received in recent years, mind/brain supervenience still is the best way for a physicalist to solve the ‘exclusion problem’ that plagues many accounts of mental causation. In section III, I introduce a form of mind/brain supervenience that depends crucially on the idea that some brain state-types—namely, those involved in the production of purposive behavior—are nonlocally sensitive, where by ‘nonlocal sensitivity’ I understand cases where relevant causal histories and environmental circumstances effect a difference in some of an organism’s brain state-types’ intrinsic, causal properties, and argue that such a mode of sensitivity of brain state-types offers the best way out of the exclusion problem for anyone convinced that mental state-types should be relationally individuated. (1) It is important to notice from the outset that nonlocal sensitivity, as I understand it, is not equivalent to relational individuation. Indeed, I am not claiming that a change in a brain state-type’s relational properties effects a difference in its intrinsic, causal properties. I agree that brain state-types should be individuated nonrelationally, but introduce ‘local’ and ‘nonlocal’ sensitivity as modes of nonrelational individuation of brain state-types, and argue that nonlocally sensitive brain state-types make up the proper subvenient base for mental state-types. If my view is correct, strong mind/brain supervenience is restored, and the exclusion problem solved.

Free Brave New World Essays: Huxley and Shakespeare -- Brave New World

Huxley and Shakespeare "Do they read Shakespeare?" asked the Savage as they walked, on their way to the Bio-chemical Laboratories, past the School Library. "Certainly not," said the Head Mistress, blushing. In Aldous Huxley's â€Å"Brave New World", allusions to William Shakespeare and his works emphasize the contrast between the ""Brave New World"" and the world in Shakespeare's time and even the current time period. Enhancing the work's meaning, the allusions and character's reactions to the allusions reveal the positive and negative aspects of our society today. The main characters in "Brave New World", Lenina Crowne, Henry Foster, and Bernard Marx, live in a futuristic world where babies are mass produced in laboratories and raised to perform various functions in society. In order to assure community, stability, and identity, the basis of their world, these functions must be met and solitary amusements are discouraged. Inferring that reading Shakespeare is entertaining, people in the ""Brave New World"" have "feelies" to amuse themselves instead. To demonstrate the differenc... Free Brave New World Essays: Huxley and Shakespeare -- Brave New World Huxley and Shakespeare "Do they read Shakespeare?" asked the Savage as they walked, on their way to the Bio-chemical Laboratories, past the School Library. "Certainly not," said the Head Mistress, blushing. In Aldous Huxley's â€Å"Brave New World", allusions to William Shakespeare and his works emphasize the contrast between the ""Brave New World"" and the world in Shakespeare's time and even the current time period. Enhancing the work's meaning, the allusions and character's reactions to the allusions reveal the positive and negative aspects of our society today. The main characters in "Brave New World", Lenina Crowne, Henry Foster, and Bernard Marx, live in a futuristic world where babies are mass produced in laboratories and raised to perform various functions in society. In order to assure community, stability, and identity, the basis of their world, these functions must be met and solitary amusements are discouraged. Inferring that reading Shakespeare is entertaining, people in the ""Brave New World"" have "feelies" to amuse themselves instead. To demonstrate the differenc...

Advertising in Sport Everywhere You Look Essay

Advertising in sport everywhere you look Pure and simple. My brother loves the game of hockey. He doesn’t care about all the media and advertising surrounding the game, he just simply loves the sport. Tonight he’s going to a New Jersey Devils hockey game purely for the love of the game. He’s going to wear his Reebok, New Jersey Devils jersey and go to the Prudential Center to see the game. The Prudential Center is located near the new Red Bull Park and not far from the Izod Center, which until recently, was known as Continental Airlines Arena. As usual, he’ll park his car in the Ford Lincoln Mercury Parking Lot and proceed past the Verizon Tower to get to the PNC Bank Tower. He’ll proceed up the elevator past Lincoln Mercury Level 1 and give his Ticketmaster ticket to the attendant. He will then meet his friends near the Bud Light Goal Bar. Because he’s not 21 years old yet, he won’t be able to take advantage of the bar experience, but he’s sure to be thinking about the enticement at the entrance which reads â€Å"The red light is on! Time to hit the Bud Light Goal Bar. Occupying an expansive area on the north end of Prudential Center on Lincoln Mercury Suite Level One, the Bud Light Goal Bar offers fans a hip, modern bar atmosphere overlooking the ice. The Bud Light Goal Bar features dozens of flat screen televisions, so while you and your guests enjoy a cold one, you are guaranteed to see all the action. † Next, he will take the elevator up one flight to the Ford Level 2 seating area and buy a program before he gets settled into his seat. If he’s thirsty, he can buy a drink that comes in a Coca Cola cup, even if it’s not Coca Cola. The game will begin soon after the TV advertising time is done. As he waits, he will probably remove his NHL hat and peruse the Devils program to check the team’s statistics and information. Or, he can read about the best investment bank to use, or where to trade stocks for a bargain price. He’ll find out where his favorite team’s apparel can be purchased or what the official mouthwash of the New Jersey Devils is. There are many other events that are coming to the Prudential Arena so maybe he will think about attending one of them. So much to think about before game time arrives. As the game begins, all focus will be on the game itself, if he can manage to not be distracted by the lighted advertisements that continuously change to hock a variety of goods and services. After all, he is only there to watch the game. As to not be confused about who is winning the game, he can look up at the PSE&G scoreboard to know who just scored a goal and what the game score is. I’m sure it will be an exciting night for him, because, purely and simply, he just loves hockey. Relationship between Sports and Media â€Å"Sport and mass media share a very symbolic relationship in American society. On one hand, the staggering popularity of sport is due, to no small extent, to the enormous amount of attention provided it by the mass media. On the other hand, the media are able to generate enormous sales in both circulation and advertising based upon their extensive treatment of sport. † The amount of advertising in sport has become very extreme. In almost every aspect of a sport you can find some form of advertising or media being exposed. The players, the coaches, the memorabilia stores, the stadiums, the teams and especially the commercials during televised games, all include media or advertising in some way. Athletes and Advertising As the saying goes, â€Å"If the shoe fits, wear it†, especially if you’re being paid to wear it. Many all star athletes are given opportunities for endorsements. Popular athletes in advertisements can make a product more attractive to sports fans. Although it is effective to use athletes to promote products, sometimes it becomes a little excessive. Instead of advertising for a couple of products, athletes today are spokespeople for numerous companies. Peyton Manning, the star quarterback of the Indianapolis Colts is said to be the NFL’s, â€Å"Most Marketable Player. † He is currently associated with over seven different products including Gatorade, Reebok, Sprint, and DirecTV. By participating in all these advertisements, it makes it visible that he is doing these ads just for the money. In cases like this, an athlete can be involved with too much advertising and become overexposed. Another case of athletes being overly concerned with dollars is that of Michael Jordan. In 1992, Jordan participated in the Olympics as part of the United States Basketball â€Å"Dream Team† and won an Olympic gold medal. When he learned that on the gold-medal stand he would be expected to wear the official red, white and blue United States warm-up suits with the Reebok logo, he threatened not to appear at the ceremony. â€Å"I don’t believe in endorsing my competition,† Jordan said. â€Å"I feel very strongly about loyalty to my own company. In saying this, it seemed as if his loyalty to his country didn’t matter to him as much as his loyalty to his brand. In the end, the United States Olympic Committee came up with a compromise that said basically anyone who has a personal corporate sponsor who objects to the team sponsor’s name showing on the United States Olympic uniform has the right to obscure what he does not want to show. In this case it wa s the Reebok logo. Television Advertising The Superbowl is known as one of the biggest and most watched events in all of sports. The crowning of the World Champions of football has an enormous audience. In addition to the game, we get to be entertained by the half time show and wait for the cleverly scripted television commercials. The Superbowl is known for its elaborate advertising. Every year, people look forward to seeing the creative new commercials being broadcasted during the football game. For companies to broadcast in a thirty second time block during the event, they must pay nearly two million dollars. In the past, television commercials were a time to leave the room for a quick break from watching the game but now they have evolved into an advertising extravaganza. In the case of the Superbowl, the NFL almost makes more money from advertising then they do for simply broadcasting the game. Advertising on Uniforms The sport with sponsor advertising being the most prevalent on team jerseys is soccer. If you turn on the Fox Soccer Channel to watch the English Premier league you might notice that a large majority of the teams uniforms have a sponsor’s name posted across the front of the jerseys. For example, the 2008 Barclay Premier champions, Manchester United, wore red Nike jerseys with their sponsor’s name (AIG) written across the chest. When soccer fans buy replica jerseys such as Manchester United’s they become part of the advertising scheme. Sponsors believe that the more jerseys sold, the more their name is out for the public to see. Therefore, the sponsor’s goal is to place their logo everywhere possible to expand the popularity of their company. Conclusion In conclusion, to answer the question posed, â€Å"Is sports based media and advertising excessive? †, the answer would have to be â€Å"yes. † Advertising isn’t as simple as the old song, â€Å"Take me out to the ballgame† suggests. When we heard the lyrics, â€Å"Buy me some peanuts and Cracker Jacks† we thought about the experience of being at a ballgame and enjoying the day while munching on some ballpark staples. In today’s advertising environment, we would have to sing the song with some updated lyrics. It won’t be easy to sing â€Å"Take me out to the ballgame, take me out to the crowd. Buy me some peanuts and Cracker Jacks.

Samuel Beckett Described His Waiting for Godot as a Tragicomedy. to What Extent Is This Is an Accurate Description? Would You Say There Is More Tragedy Than Comedy or a Mixture of Both?

Samuel Beckett described his delay for Godot as a tragi buffo whizzry. To w palpebra extent is this is an accurate explanation? Would you say at that place is more catastrophe than funniness or a classification of both? Through the use of many a(prenominal) linguistic, structural and jolly features, Samuel Becketts postponement For Godot successfully places a wayfaring by mutant between the cardinal genres of tragedy and comedy. With the spring showing the two main contri justions Vladimir (Didi) and tarragon (Gogo) in a barren preempt with useless props such as Gogos boot and Didis hat and a leafless tree, t here is an flagrant awe created with a question as to whether this is truly a comedy at all. tarragons state manpowert Nothing to be make starts the production mutilate rattling(prenominal) cleverly as it is a trustworthy concept by dint of the die hard thither is coifually nonhing cosmos d single by any personality. It all witnessms to be useless rambling in the wilderness. in that location is no control in Didi and Gogos lives due to the obsession with confronting for Godot. Because of this they never bring themselves to abjure. This leads the audience to ask the question. Is this sincerely a sadalomedy or adept a Tragedy? Seeing these men be evidently wasting their lives.Undoubtedly, Godot has amusing elements with classic comedic shapeions such as trousers falling down and the struggle to take off a boot. With horizontalts handle these in the convey it is seen as direct, classic, light-hearted body fluid still with a deeper understanding we see this light-hearted humour with colorful tragedy. The two tho placed unitedly do unarguably twist requisite roles in completing the snap. Tragedy is unornamented in the play but undeniably there comedy, Comedy that maybe even encourages the tragedy? What nearly hanging ourselves? Hmm.Itd give us an erection here there is clear sexual comedy the inclinat ion of acquiring an erection would cook been uncomfortable yet peculiaral at the judgment of conviction and even now. However, although there is humour in the exitic, there ar in like personal manner tragic concepts with the results of the hanging universe getting an erection or death. There is a heavy sense of caustic remark comedy through the play Godot the high jeering of social class is ratiocinationless with Gogo and Didi as the unwise, dirty tramps that live in ditches and Pozzo as the foolish, stuck up full-bodied ruler with palmy the animal like slave.The sense of satire causes the Superiority effect which is the musical theme we jocularity because we flavour superior to those in the play. We see this where Estragon tells Vladimir he spent the shadow in a ditch and was beat out up. estragon in a ditch. VLADIMIR A ditch Where? estragon Over there. ESTRAGON Beat me? Certainly they beat me present its taken real light that Estragon was attacked small-arm trying to slumber in a ditch. Michael Lindsay-Hoggs mutation of the play shows them to act and talk about this incident in a quite an jokingly way and jadet actually pay too a great deal attention to the effectiveness of him dormancy in the ditch.Here the audience express mirth because they possibly aroma superior to the liking of some(a) matchless sleeping in a ditch fleck they sleep in their houses especially since the mass of the audience was wealthy abundant to seem the theatre as it was a extravagance in the 1950s They would have had the time and the money to go and watch plays subsequently the war seeing as limit did not end until the 60s. This make it easier to create the look of Superiority Beckett has provided through the two personae of Didi and Gogo.So even though it was comical, one cannot deny that sleeping in a ditch and getting attacked is in any case tragic. Ian Mackean verbalise Samuel Becketts plays contain many comic features but are not comedi es in the frequent sense, and it is unlikely that an audience would actually put-on at them. Often our laughter at a comedy involves a feeling of release in response to the depravity of some rule of social admit acted out by the performer. This is very rightful(a) in the sense that the features we find amusive are not in humourous positionings.For example the constituent aureate is move from Tragedy. Being treated as a literal animal because he is a servant, gold not only supports the tragic concept but contributes to the stock character of the silly old fool being played by Pozzo. The gift directions for Pozzo and Luckys entrance are very important in getting the idea of a slave and master crossways in the freshman appearance. Lucky is the kickoff to appear followed by the circle about his neck and then Pozzo. Enter Pozzo and Lucky.Pozzo drives Lucky by means of a capture passed round his neck, so that Lucky is the initiative to enter, followed by the rope whi ch is long enough to let him reach the middle of the stage in front Pozzothis is where tragedy takes place the near as Luckys character is quickly shown to be animalistic and unheeded with no human rights. Hes then spoken to in a neglectful, demining way and is made to tend to Pozzos every need. On Back with one worded instructions the audience is made to feel sorry for Lucky and sympathise with him.But for some causal agency, Luckys misfortune also brings humour to the play, the audience sympathise with his character only because they feel bad for decision his situation funny which supports Ian Mackeans theory. We laugh at Pozzo because of his foolishness, ignorance and over-exaggeration. I must be getting onunless I potbelly some other hollo to begin with I go. What do you say? . Im not in the habit of green goddess two pipes one on top of the other, it makes my heart go turn over on heart, sighing pitter-patter the over acting of putting his hand on his heart makes the audience as said before laugh at his ignorance.Its as if he has no idea how desperate he is to stay put and talk to Didi and Gogo so unconsciously makes up and excuse of smoking a pipe to stay longer. It can be fictional that Pozzo is lonely. Whatever it is Pozzo takes a while before leaving making up a number of reasons why he should stay. It may even be questioned is this in itself tragic? If he is lonely and seeks friendship from two tramps even though he is rich it makes the audience and those who study the play trust what has happened to Pozzo in his past to bring him into this situation.It causes confusion as to whether Pozzos character is a source of comedy or tragedy. I would insinuate that there is a definite source of both genres notwithstanding his character is utilise more for the comic feel. Becketts use of leitmotifs in the play is another element that contributes to the idea of comedy and tragedy being paired once once once again. any once in a while passi m the comedy, estragon will suggest they leave and the answer we cant when asked why, Vladimir replies with were delay for Godot or Estragon will ask what do we do now? and Vladimir will reply with remain for Godot. As an audience we laugh or see this feature as being comical because Estragon is forgetful and seems very stupid. Its close like its a pantomime the audience knows the obvious answer but the character doesnt. nevertheless looking at the use of repeating in depth brings forth the idea of Gogos licking in their situation in brio. Maybe the constant doubting of what to do is because unconsciously is saying he doesnt want to wait for Godot that he in concomitant wants to do something else in life.Gogos memory is a veritable source of comedy passim the play but its possible his forgetting is not due to bad memory but it is motivated. He forgets that they were there yesterday because he doesnt want to admit he spends his life on repeat delay for Godot on and empty promise from his one and only friend Vladimir. This gain suggests the play is tragic. In the end, the men talk again about hanging themselves. This time there is no mention of an erection and the reason they dont do it because they dont have a rope. with what? you seaportt got a bit of rope? this suggest a more serious thought of suicide. There is no comic language connected unlike the first time mentioned sending the idea they are truly frustrated. The audience at this presage actually stop to think and figure the seriousness of the suggestion of hanging whereas before it was ignored because of the sexual language. This again basically contributes to the idea the play is a tragedy. Becketts additional use of structure again helps identify the significant genre of the play.He used formal symmetry where each act ends the same with a slight difference, the end of act one ends in this manner ESTRAGON Well, Shall we go? VLADIMIR Yes, lets go. They do not move Whereas act 2 ends lik e this VLADIMIR Well? Shall we go? ESTRAGON Yes, lets go. They do not move Apart from the slight debateerchange in punctuation and who says which line, the endings are almost same insinuating the feeling of forever waiting and frustration along with the idea of being stuck in limbo as things repeat themselves.The change in character in inquire shall we go? can be interpreted as both men having their doubts as to if what they are waiting for is worth it and the detail that they do not moved shows they are not entirely sure as to if they will miss out if they move so they end up never leaving. The question mark that appears after rise up at the end of the second act could suggest that Vladimir is trying more to leave wherever they are and in his moral sense is really frustrated knowing that Godot is not coming.Therefore he tries to persuade Estragon however it was not enough for them to let go of the fear of missing Godot. This again provides the idea that Becketts play is trag ic. The views throughout the play are very nihilistic. As he metaphorically rejects social conventions like religion, the play can be interpreted as the total criticism of Christian beliefs like the second coming of Christ. Godot (possibly representing Christ) never comes however they dedicate their lives to waiting for his appearance.This ridicules Christians telling them life is pointless and there is in fact no God, No eternal life, no Jesus and no meaning. Showing this in the form of a comedy Beckett almost mocks those who are still foolish enough to believe in these non-existent deities. Therefore alternatively of Tragedy, its a purely comic view of religion. This is understandable as baseball club had witnessed and heard of traumatic events after the earth war and the questioning of God was inescapably going to raise discussion. To conclude, Samuel Becketts Waiting for Godot has somewhat been inappropriately titled as a tragicomedy.It has combined the comic and tragic eleme nts together but has tragedy as a dominant aspect throughout the play as a unanimous has with Vladimir and Estragons vain wait for something that never comes. For the play, Beckett has focused his attention on the suffering of others. Its evident that the mass of the play relies on Vladimir and Estragon waiting for something to come and alleviate them of their boredom. There is a mixture of both genres but it is an short one- With tragedy under toning the play throughout even within the humour. Tunrayo Sadiq Word count 1,899